Composite Materials in Piping Applications

Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction

1. Mechanical Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials
1.1 Mechanical Behavior of Laminae
1.1.1 Generalized Hooke’s law
1.1.2 Effects of free thermal strains
1.1.3 Effects of free moisture strains
1.1.4 Plane stress constitutive relations
1.1.5 Coordinate transformation of stress and strain components
1.1.6 Transformation of engineering properties
1.1.7 Free thermal and free moisture strains in the global coordinate system
1.2 Mechanical Behavior of Laminates
1.2.1 Classical lamination theory
1.2.2 Laminate nomenclature
1.2.3 The Kirchhoff Assumption
1.2.4 Laminate strains
1.2.5 Laminate stresses
1.2.6 Laminate stiffness matrix
1.2.7 Classification of laminates
1.3 The Tsai–Wu Failure Criterion
References

2. Classification, Properties and Production Technology of FRP Materials
2.1 The Composite Matrix Material
2.1.1 Thermosets
2.1.2 Thermoplastics
2.2 Fiber Materials
2.2.1 Glasses
2.2.2 Carbon fibers
2.2.3 Synthetic fibers
2.3 Production Technologies for FRP Composite Pipes
2.3.1 Filament winding
2.3.2 Fiber placement process
References

3. Mechanical Design of Composite Pipelines
3.1 Types of Loading Cases
3.1.1 Installation loads
3.1.2 Operation loads
3.2 Pure Bending
3.2.1 Failure analysis
3.2.2 Buckling model
3.3 External Pressure
3.3.1 Failure analysis
3.3.2 Buckling model
3.4 Combination of Bending and External Pressure
3.4.1 Failure analysis
3.4.2 Buckling model
3.5 Axial Tension
3.5.1 Failure analysis
3.6 Combination of Bending and Axial Tension
3.6.1 Failure analysis
3.6.2 Buckling model
3.7 Combination of External Pressure and Axial Tension
3.7.1 Failure analysis
3.8 Torsion
3.8.1 Failure analysis
3.8.2 Buckling model
References

4. Dynamic Stability of Composite Pipelines
4.1 Free Vibration of Composite Pipes
4.1.1 Structural characteristics of composite pipes
4.1.2 Forces and bending moments acting on a composite pipe element
4.2 Accelerations of the Fluid and Pipe Elements
4.3 Equation of Motion
4.3.1 Solution of equation of motion
4.3.2 Types of instability
4.4 Transfer Matrices Method (TMM)
4.5 Estimation of Critical Velocity for Composite Pipes Conveying Fluid
4.5.1 Cantilever pipe
4.5.2 Fixed-fixed pipe
4.5.3 Pinned-pinned pipe
4.5.4 Fixed-pinned pipe
4.6 Effect of Temperature (Thermal Load)
4.7 Effect of Additional Mass
4.7.1 Transfer matrix of the segment 1-2 (pipe)
4.7.2 Transfer matrix of the segment 2-3 (collar-pipe)
4.7.3 Global transfer matrix
4.8 Effects of an Elastic Foundation
4.9 Effect of Additional Supports
4.9.1 Example
4.10 Estimation of Critical Flow Velocity in Relation to Divergence
4.10.1 Elastic foundation effect
4.10.2 Thermal load and elastic foundation effects
4.10.3 Fixed-fixed pipe
4.10.4 Pinned-pinned pipe
4.10.5 Fixed-pinned pipe
4.11 Hydraulic Hammer
4.11.1 Shock pressure in a branched pipe
4.12 Wave Propagation Due to Hydraulic Hammer
4.12.1 Example
References

5. Connection and Supports of Composite Pipelines
5.1 Joining of Composite Pipelines
5.1.1 Approximate mechanical model for axial loading
5.1.2 Approximate mechanical model for bending
5.2 Above-Ground Pipes
5.2.1 Maximum spacing between supports
5.2.2 Minimum hanger widths
5.2.3 Sizing of expansion loops
5.3 Underground Pipelines
References

6. Creep Design of Piping Applications Using Composite Materials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Creep Damage Accumulation Mechanisms in Composite Materials
6.3 Short and Long-Term Static Failure of Composite
6.3.1 Damage modeling
6.3.2 Creep rupture
6.3.3 An example of preliminary design for the long-term
6.4 Lifetime of Composites Pipes Under Cyclic Loading
6.5 Applicable Standards
6.5.1 Identification and comparison of main standards
6.5.2 Long-term qualification tests of four different types of GRP
6.6 Practical Design: A Case Study
6.7 Conclusions
6.8 Acknowledgements
References

7. Flow Capacity of Composite Pipelines
7.1 Gas Transmission
7.1.1 Estimation of gas flow rate
7.2 Liquid Transmission
7.2.1 Flow capacity for laminar liquid flow
7.2.2 Flow capacity for turbulent flow
7.3 Multiphase Flow
7.3.1 Multiphase flow regimes for inclined pipelines
References

8. Optimization of Material Cost
8.1 Fiber Orientation and Loading Forces
8.1.1 Optimum fiber orientation for the combination of axial tension and external pressure
8.1.2 Optimum fiber orientation for the combination of bending and axial tension
8.1.3 Optimum fiber orientation for the combination of bending and external pressure

9. Quality Control of Composite Pipe Systems
9.1 Test Methods and Material Characterization
9.1.1 Thermal analysis DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry)
9.1.2 Measurement of residual stresses
9.1.3 Creep strain and creep rupture tests
9.1.4 Impact testing
9.1.5 Fatigue testing
9.2 International Standards for Composite Pipes
9.3 Detection of Defects and Structural Health Monitoring
9.3.1 Piezoelectric techniques
9.3.2 Optical fiber-based techniques
9.3.3 Ultrasonic testing
References

10. Case Studies
Introduction
10.1 Axial Tension
10.1.1 Results of failure model for axial tension
10.2 Pure Bending
10.2.1 Results of failure model for pure bending
10.2.2 Results of buckling model for pure bending
10.3 External Pressure
10.3.1 Results of failure model for external pressure
10.3.2 Results of buckling model for external pressure
10.4 Torsion
10.4.1 Results of failure model for torsion
10.5 Butt Joints of Multilayered Filament-Wound Pipes
10.5.1 E-glass epoxy material
10.5.2 S-glass/epoxy material
10.6 Hanger Width
10.6.1 E-glass/epoxy material
10.6.2 S-glass-epoxy material
10.7 Spaces between Supports
10.7.1 E-glass/epoxy material
10.7.2 Material: S-glass/epoxy material
10.8 Installation Depth for Underground Pipelines vs. the Vertical Load F
10.8.1 E-glass-epoxy materials
10.8.2 S-glass/epoxy material

Index
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