Food, Nutrition and the Nitric Oxide Pathway

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements

1. What is Nitric Oxide?
NATHAN S. BRYAN and FERID MURAD

• Discovery of NO
• NO Generation and NO Synthase
• The Evolution of NO Formation
• About the Authors
• References

2. Mechanisms and Physiological Implications for Nitric Oxide Insufficiency
MATTHEW B. GRISHAM and NATHAN S. BRYAN

• L-Arginine Metabolism
• Increased Inactivation of NO
• Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
• Assessment of Nitric Oxide Availability
• Clinical Consequences of NO Insufficiency
• About the Authors
• References

3. The Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway
JON O. LUNDBERG and EDDIE WEITZBERG

• NO Generation Without NO Synthase
• What Is NO Doing in the Stomach?
• Interactions Between Nitrite and Other Dietary Compounds
• Nitrite Reduction to NO in Blood and Tissue
• Systemic Effect of Inorganic Nitrate
• Dietary Nitrate and Cardiovascular Disease
• About the Authors
• References

4. Dietary Nitrates and Nitrites: The Physiological Context for Potential Health Benefits
NATHAN S. BRYAN and NORMAN G. HORD

• Dietary Sources of Nitrate and Nitrite
• Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite Intake Estimates
• A Case Study in Nitrate and Nitrite Intake Estimates Based on a Convenience Sample
• Modeling Nitrate and Nitrite Intakes Based on the Vegetable and Fruit Content in the DASH Diet Pattern
• Mediterranean Diet vs. Western Diet: A Proof of Principle Comparison in Nitrite/Nitrate Consumption
• About the Authors
• References

5. Nitrite and Nitrate in the Meat Industry
RANDY HUFFMAN and NATHAN S. BRYAN

• History of Nitrite
• The Chemistry of Curing Meat
• Antibacterial Properties of Nitrite
• Antibacterial Properties of Nitrite—An Ingredient Critical to Food Safety
• Nitrosamine Formation
• Nitrite and Nitrate in Context
• About the Authors
• References

6. Physiological Effects and Mechanism of Action of Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Physiology
SRUTI SHIVA and MARK T. GLADWIN

• The Formation of Nitrite In Vivo
• Nitrite—From Inert Metabolite to Physiological Vasodilator
• Hemoglobin as a Regulator of Hypoxic Vasodilation
• Nitrite as a Mediator of Hypoxic Vasodilation
• Other Nitrite Reductases
• Nitrite as a Cell Signaling Molecule
• Nitrite Mediates Cytoprotection during Ischemia/Reperfusion
• The Mechanism of Nitrite-Dependent Cytoprotection
• Conclusions
• About the Authors
• References

7. Polyphenols and Flavanols as Modulators of NO Activity
TIENUSH RASSAF and MALTE KELM

• Endothelial Function and Nitric Oxide
• Dietary Polyphenols and Health
• What are Polyphenols?
• Flavanols and Nutrition
• Flavanols and Cardiovascular Function
• Flavanols: Mechanisms of Action
• Flavanols and Functional Food
• Conclusions
• About the Authors
• References

8. Nutritional Epidemiology
ANDREW L. MILKOWSKI and JAMES R. COUGHLIN

• Epidemiology as a Scientific Discipline
• Interpretation of Epidemiological Studies Demand Causation Criteria
• Diet and Cardiovascular Disease
• Diet and Cancer
• Conclusion
• About the Authors
• References

9. Regulations Gone Awry: Addressing Public Health Concerns
NATHAN S. BRYAN and NORMAN G. HORD

• Potential Health Risks of Excessive Nitrate and Nitrite Exposure: Regulations Gone Awry
• Potential Contexts for Nitrate- and Nitrite-Associated Toxicities
• Dietary Consumption Levels of Nitrates and Nitrites Relative to the WHO ADI
• About the Authors
• References

10. Diet and Endothelium: Two Systems, Redundant Functions
NATHAN S. BRYAN and NORMAN G. HORD

• Regulation of the Nitrite Economy: Role of Diet, Tissue Nitrate Reductases and Disease States
• Sources of Endogenous and Diet-Derived NO Generation
• Quantifying the Nitrite Economy
• About the Authors
• References

11. Nutrition and General Health
SAMUEL GRIEF and BRAZOS MINSHEW

• Heart Health and Nutrition
• Cancer and Nutrition
• Antioxidants and Nutrition
• Whole Grains and Health Effects
• Obesity and Nutrition
• Aging and Nutrition
• Conclusion
• About the Authors
• References

12. Paradigm Shift: From Toxic Food Additive to Indispensable Nutrient
NATHAN S. BRYAN

• About the Author
• References

Index