Mass Transport & Reactive Barriers in Packaging

1. Overview

• Audience
• Theoretical Scope
• Terminology
• Principles of Active Packaging
• Introduction to Membranes
• Barrier Materials
• Classification of Reactive Processes in Membranes
• Multilayer Reactive-Passive Structures
• Omissions
• References

2. Steady-state Theory for Homogeneous Passive and Reactive Barriers

• Fundamentals of Gas Permeation Through Polymeric Membranes
• Diffusion Equations
• Permeability of Isotropic Passive Membrane
• Reference Lead and Lag Times
• Diffusion Coupled with Homogeneous Reaction
• Reversible Reactions and Species Mobility
• Membrane with Irreversible Catalytic Reaction
• Effective Transmission Rate and Barrier Performance
• Zero Effective Flux Criterion
• References

3. Permeation Through Passive Heterogeneous Structures

• Multilayer Film Technology
• Transport Through Two Layer Laminates
• Generalized Multilayer Barriers
• Structural Identity
• Failure of Permeability Concept
• Continuously Varying Heterogeneous Media
• Biasing Potentials and Convection
• References

4. Theory of Transient Permeation

• Transient Diffusion without Reaction
• Reactive Membrane with Non-Catalytic Scavenger
• Simplified Wavefront Solution for Reactive Monolayer
• Scavenger Exhaustion Time for Instantaneous Reaction
• Two Layer Reactive-Passive Structures in Steady-state
• Two Layer Passive-Reactive Structures in Steady-state
• The Concept of Permeable Reaction Wavefront
• Steady-Unsteady Solution Matching Method for Dynamic Interfaces
• Permeation Dynamics and Transient Ingress
• Effects of Reactive Membrane Parameters on Steady-state Lead and Lag Times
• Passive-to-Reactive Transition in Activated Reactive Layer
• References

5. Interactions with Package Contents

• Introduction to Interphase Equilibrium
• Unidirectional Diffusion into Packaged Product
• Solute Consumption by Packaged Product
• Bidirectional Diffusion into Reactive Membrane
• Solute Removal from Package Headspace
• Evaluation of Product Shelf Life
• References

6. Structure-Property Relationships in Reactive Barrier Structures

• Normalization of Parameters
• Scavenger Placement in Homogeneous Polymer Matrix
• Scavenger Dispersed in Multilayer Structure
• Transient Permeation Through Reactive-Passive Membrane
• Transient Permeation Through Passive-Reactive Membrane
• Implications for Barrier Design
• References

7. Optimized Design of Multilayer Reactive Barriers

• Restrictions Imposed by Layer Functionality
• Factors Controlling Optimal Barrier Design
• Generalized Solutions for Multiple Passive Layers
• Optimal Placement of Reactive Layer
• Decision Guide for Reactive Layer Material Selection
• References

8. Experimental Methods

• Transport Properties of Materials
• Reactive Capacity of Scavengers
• Scavenging Reaction Rate in Polymeric Matrices
• References

9. Polymers as Barrier Materials

• Conventional Polymers in Packaging
• Molecular Structure and Barrier Performance
• Polymer Blends
• Filled Polymer Composites
• Effects of Temperature
• Effects of Humidity
• Multicomponent Diffusion
• Concentration Dependent Diffusion
• References

10. Nanocomposites

• Nanocomposite Technology for Enhancing Barrier Properties
• Barrier Improvement from Platelet Materials
• Reactive Nanocomposites Based on Nylon-6
• Preparation and Properties of Nylon-6 Nanocomposites
• Multilayer Structures with Composite Layers
• High Barrier Polyamide Nanocomposites
• Scavenging Rate in Reactive Composite Membranes
• References

11. Applications

• Practical Methods of Permeability Control in Food and Beverage Packaging
• Other Applications
• Oxygen Scavenging Systems
• Scavengers of Other Species
• References

Appendices

• List of Abbreviations
• Nomenclature

Author Index
Subject Index