Principles of Wet End Chemistry

Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO WET END CHEMISTRY
1.1 Wet End Chemistry and Paper Properties
1.2 Wet End Chemistry and Machine Efficiency (Runnability)
1.3 Current Trends
1.4 References

CHAPTER 2: WATER: THE PRIMARY PAPERMAKING MEDIUM
2.1 The Geometry of Water Molecules
2.2 The Hydrogen Bonding Ability of Water Molecules
2.3 Chemical Equilibria in a Water Environment
2.4 Acidity and Alkalinity
2.5 Ionization of Carboxyl Groups in Water
2.6 Specific Conductance
2.7 Hardness
2.8 Summary
2.9 References

CHAPTER 3: BASIC PROPERTIES OF PAPERMAKING FIBERS AND FIBER FINES IMPORTANT TO WET END CHEMISTRY
3.1 Papermaking Fibers
3.2 Fiber Fines
3.3 Fiber and Fines Characteristics Important to Papermaking Chemistry
3.4 Summary
3.5 References

CHAPTER 4: INTERFERING SUBSTANCES
4.1 Sources and Types of Interfering Substances
4.2 Treatment of Interfering Substances
4.3 Summary
4.4 References

CHAPTER 5: SURFACE AND COLLOID SCIENCE CONCEPTS IMPORTANT TO PAPERMAKING CHEMISTRY
5.1 Definition of Papermaking Chemistry
5.2 Resident Species of a Typical Papermaking Furnish
5.3 Important Interactions Among Furnish Components
5.4 Wet End Intermolecular Forces
5.5 Dimensions of Furnish Components
5.6 The “Colloidal” State
5.7 Classification Systems in Colloid Chemistry
5.8 Surface Charge on Hydrophobic Particles
5.9 Importance of the Electrical Double Layer
5.10 Aggregation and Stabilization of Hydrophobic Dispersions
5.11 Adsorption of Polymers from Solution by Solid Surfaces
5.12 Surface Science and Papermaking
5.13 Association Colloids
5.14 Summary

CHAPTER 6: CHARGE MEASUREMENT PRACTICES IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Source and Nature of Electrostatic Charge on Papermaking Materials
6.3 Measuring the Zeta Potential of suspended Papermaking Particles (Electrokinetic Measurements)
6.4 Microelectrophoresis
6.5 Streaming Potential
6.6 AC Streaming Current Measurement
6.7 Streaming Current Versus Microelectrophoresis and Streaming Potential
6.8 Dissolved (Soluble) Charge Measurement
6.9 Definitions of Various Dissolved Charge Measurement Terms in Use Today
6.10 Cationic and Anionic Demand are Extensive Quantities
6.11 Determination of Dissolved Cationic Demand and Anionic Demand
6.12 Calculation of Colloid Titration Ratio (CTR)
6.13 Material Requirements
6.14 Disadvantages of Colloid Titration with Indicator Dye Endpoint
6.15 Measurement of Total Charge (Dissolved Charge Plus Particle Charge)
6.16 Measurement of Particle Charge by Colloid Titration
6.17 Applications of Charge Measurement in Papermaking
6.18 Summary
6.19 References

CHAPTER 7: COLORING MATERIALS
7.1 Colored Pigments
7.2 Dyes and Papermaking Chemistry
7.3 Summary
7.4 References

CHAPTER 8: DRY STRENGTH ADDITIVES
8.1 Introduction to the Strength Properties of Paper
8.2 Achieving Paper Strength Through Refining
8.3 Common Dry Strength Additives
8.4 Mechanism of Strength Development
8.5 Interactions Between Cationic Starch and Papermaking Furnish Components
8.6 General Considerations When Using Starch as a Dry Strength Additive
8.7 Polyacrylamide Dry Strength Resins
8.8 Water Soluble Gums as Dry Strength Additives
8.9 Summary
8.10 References

CHAPTER 9: WET STRENGTH ADDITIVES
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of Wet Strength Paper
9.3 Wet Strength Mechanisms
9.4 The Need For Curing Wet Strength Additives
9.5 Wet Strength Resins
9.6 Urea-Formaldehyde Resin
9.7 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin
9.8 Neutral or Alkaline Curing Polyamide Wet Strength Resins
9.9 Factors Affecting the Performance of Wet Strength Resins
9.10 Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Wet Strength Resins by Pulp Fibers
9.11 Effect of the Chemical Environment on Resin Performance
9.12 Effect of Drying Temperature on PAE Curing
9.13 Summary
9.14 References

CHAPTER 10: FILLERS AND PAPERMAKING
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Different Types of Mineral Filler Pigments
10.3 Filler Particle Shape
10.4 Fillers and Appearance Properties
10.5 Factors that Affect Reflectance and are Related to Wet End Chemistry
10.6 Pigment Surface Charge
10.7 Preferential Adsorption of Additives by Fine Particles
10.8 Adverse Effects of Filler on Strength Properties
10.9 Summary
10.10 References

CHAPTER 11: THE PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT TO PAPERMAKING
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Different Aluminum Compounds Used in Papermaking
11.3 Papermaker’s Alum
11.4 The Use of Sodium Aluminate as an Aluminum Source in Papermaking
11.5 Summary
11.6 References

CHAPTER 12: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNAL SIZING
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basic Surface Science Considerations Important to Sizing
12.3 Measurement of Degree of Sizing
12.4 A Few Comments About the History of Sizing in Papermaking
12.5 Requirements of a Good Internal Sizing Agent
12.6 Summary
12.7 References

CHAPTER 13: ALUM-ROSIN SIZING
13.1 Introduction
13.2 How Rosin Imparts Water Resistance to Paper
13.3 The Source and Characteristics of Rosin Acids
13.4 A Brief History of the Rosin Size Products
13.5 Rosin Sizing Terminology
13.6 Fortified Rosin Size
13.7 Commercial Forms of Rosin Sizes in Use Today
13.8 Practical Applications of Soap Size
13.9 Mechanism of Sizing with Soap Sizes
13.10 Anionic Dispersed Rosin Sizes
13.11 Cationic Dispersed Rosin Sizes
13.12 Mechanism of Sizing With Dispersed Rosin Sizes
13.13 Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Rosin Sizing Agents
13.14 Trouble-shooting Sizing Problems
13.15 Summary
13.16 References

CHAPTER 14: SIZING WITH SYNTHETIC SIZING MATERIALS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sizing Requirements and Synthetic Sizes
14.3 Alkyl Ketene Dimer Size
14.4 Effect of Furnish and Paper Machine Conditions on Sizing with AKD
14.5 Size Reversion (Fugitive Sizing)
14.6 Other Potential Papermaking Problems Related to AKD
14.7 Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride
14.8 Effects of Furnish and Paper Machine Conditions on Sizing with ASA
14.9 Size Reversion with ASA
14.10 Comparison of AKD and ASA Sizes
14.11 Comparison of Alum-rosin vs. Synthetic Sizing Response Curves
14.12 Summary
14.13 References

CHAPTER 15: COLLOIDAL ASPECTS OF RETENTION AND DRAINAGE
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fines Retention
15.3 Mechanical Entrapment or Filtration of Fines by the Forming Web
15.4 Introduction to the Colloidal Aggregation of Fines
15.5 Laboratory Evaluation of Colloidal Interactions in a Papermaking Furnish
15.6 Chemical Additives Employed to Promote the Colloidal Interactions of Fines
15.7 Overview of Interactions Between Fibers and Polyelectrolytes
15.8 Fines Aggregation Mechanism
15.9 Different Retention Systems Used in Papermaking
15.10 The Strength of Papermaking Fiber and Fines Aggregates: Soft Flocs and Hard Flocs
15.11 Effect of Interfering Substances on the Effectiveness of Retention Systems
15.12 Effect of Fines Management on Retention
15.13 Effect of First-Pass Fines Retention on fines Distribution in Paper
15.14 Effect of First-Pass Fines Retention on Optical Properties and Sheet Formation
15.15 Fiber Flocculation
15.16 Drainage and Dewatering
15.17 Fiber-Water Relationships
15.18 Water Removal Zones
15.19 The Forming Zone
15.20 Filtration and Thickening
15.21 Specific Filtration Resistance
15.22 Drainage Aids
15.23 Vacuum Water Release
15.24 The Effect of Drainage Additives on Press Zone Dewatering
15.25 References

CHAPTER 16: OVERVIEW OF WET END CHEMISTRY PROCESS CONTROL
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Definition of Wet End Chemistry Process Control
16.3 Trends Making Wet End Chemistry Process Control Important
16.4 Benefits of Improved Wet End Chemistry Control
16.5 Prerequisites to the Design of Comprehensive Wet End Chemistry Control for a Given System
16.6 Models of Comprehensive Wet End Chemistry Control Strategies
16.7 Conclusion: The Comprehensive Approach Will Not Work
16.8 A Conceptual Model Upon Which to Base Wet End Chemistry Control Strategies
16.9 Controlling Adsorption Phenomena
16.10 Controlling Aggregation Phenomena
16.11 Basic Measurements Made for Wet End Chemistry Process Control
16.12 Mill Process Control Practices: Adsorption Processes
16.13 Mill Process Control Practices: Aggregation Control
16.14 Summary
16.15 References

Glossary