Understanding Water Quality Management

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction

Chapter 1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
1.1 Progress in Water Quality
1.2 Leading Sources of Water Quality Impairment
1.3 Pollutant Loadings to Receiving Streams: Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Program
1.4 General Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems
1.4.1 Food Webs
1.4.2 Energy and Material Transfer
1.4.3 Population Dynamics

Chapter 2 POLLUTANT CATEGORIES AND EFFECTS ON SURFACE WATERS
2.1 Leading Causes of Water Quality Impairment
2.2 Pollution of Surface Waters
2.2.1 Oxygen Depletion
2.2.1.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
2.2.1.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
2.2.2 Eutrophication
2.2.3 Temperature Effects
2.2.4 Toxicity and Radiological Effects
2.2.5 Pathogens
2.2.6 Siltation/Turbidity
2.2.7 Salinity

Chapter 3 CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS
3.1 Conventional Pollutants
3.1.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
3.1.2 Fecal Coliform
3.1.3 Total Suspended Solids
3.1.4 Oil and Grease
3.1.5 pH
3.2 Other Pollutants
3.2.1 Nitrogen
3.2.2 Phosphorus
3.2.3 Cyanide
3.2.4 Surfactants
3.2.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand
3.2.6 Total Organic Carbon
3.2.7 Volatile Suspended Solids
3.2.8 Total Dissolved Solids
3.2.9 Total Solids
3.2.10 Settleable Solids
3.2.11 Pathogens
3.2.12 Turbidity
3.2.13 Odor
3.2.14 Radionuclides
3.2.15 Heavy Metals
3.2.16 Pesticides and Herbicides
3.2.17 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3.2.18 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
3.2.19 Priority Pollutants
3.2.20 Xenobiotic Compounds

Chapter 4 WASTEWATER PRE-TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
4.1 Wastewater Treatment Unit Operations
4.2 Screening and Grit Removal
4.3 Equalization
4.4 Primary Clarification
4.5 Neutralization
4.6 Oil Removal
4.7 Flotation

Chapter 5 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
5.1 Activated Sludge Treatment
5.1.1 Organic Loading
5.1.2 Oxygen Requirements
5.1.3 Sludge Production
5.1.4 Nutrient Requirements
5.1.5 Effect of Temperature
5.1.6 Effect of pH
5.1.7 Effect of Toxicity
5.2 Other Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Systems
5.3 Attached Growth Systems
5.4 Anaerobic Biological Treatment Systems

Chapter 6 PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
6.1 Activated Carbon Adsorption
6.1.1 Granular Activated Carbon
6.1.2 Powdered Activated Carbon
6.2 Ion Exchange Systems
6.2.1 Cation Exchange
6.2.2 Anion Exchange
6.3 Stripping
6.3.1 Air Stripping For VOC Removal
6.3.2 Ammonia Removal
6.3.3 Steam Stripping
6.4 Coagulation and Flocculation
6.5 Heavy Metals Removal
6.6 Chemical Oxidation and Reduction
6.7 Hydrothermal Oxidation

Chapter 7 PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES
7.1 Filtration
7.2 Membrane Technologies
7.2.1 Reverse osmosis
7.2.2 Electrodialysis
7.2.3 Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration

Chapter 8 DISINFECTION

Chapter 9 NUTRIENT REMOVAL
9.1 Phosphorus removal
9.1.1 Chemical precipitation
9.1.2 Biological removal
9.2 Nitrogen removal
9.2.1 Physical/Chemical Processes
9.2.2 Biological Processes
9.2.3 Nitrification
9.2.4 Denitrification

Chapter 10 SLUDGE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
10.1 Types of Sludges
10.2 Sludge Thickening
10.3 Sludge Dewatering
10.4 Sludge Disposal

Chapter 11 LAND TREATMENT
11.1 Spray Irrigation and Overland Flow Systems
11.2 Wastewater Characteristics and Design Considerations

Chapter 12 WASTE MINIMIZATION AND WATER REUSE
12.1 Waste Minimization Techniques
12.2 Waste Minimization Assessment
12.3 Pollution Reduction Methods
12.4 Case Histories and Examples
12.4.1 Pulp and Paper Industry
12.4.2 Organic Chemicals Industry
12.5 Recycle/Reuse and Treatment Cost Considerations

Chapter 13 ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
13.1 Capital Cost Estimates
13.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost Estimates
13.3 Present Value Cost Analysis

Index